Rectum

Ninety-one percent are diagnosed at age 50 or older, with a median age of 70. Females are at slightly higher risk than males.3,4 5 || Genetic contributing factors include: Explain || (doses, borders, boosts, planning techniques, etc.) || 1 Halperin E, Perez CA, Brady LW. //Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology//. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2004 2 American Cancer Society. //Cancer facts & figures 2010//. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2010 3 Medline Plus. Colon cancer. Available at: [] Accessed on June 4, 2011 4 Halperin E, Perez CA, Brady LW. //Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology//. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2008 5National Cancer Institute. Surveillance Epidemiology and end results. SEERS fact sheets: Colon and rectum. Available at: [] Accessed on June 4, 2011 6Chorus colon carcinoma. Available at: [] Accessed on June 4, 2011
 * Epidemiology: || Colonic carcinoma and rectal carcinoma are referenced in data as colorectal carcinoma. The distinguishing difference in management between the two are the peritoneal attachments and lymphatic drainage pattern.1 It is estimated by the American Cancer Society in 2010 there would have been 102,900 new cases and 51,370 deaths from colon cancer and 39,670 new cases of rectal cancer reported in the United States. Colorectal cancer is the 3th leading diagnosed cancer in the United States in both males and females.2
 * Etiology: || Rectal carcinoma has been linked to:
 * Inflammatory bowel disease such as (Ulcerative colitis and Chrons disease)
 * Increased intake of red or processed meats
 * Increased body mass index (over weight or obesity)
 * Physically inactive
 * Low intake of folate
 * Excessive alcohol consumption
 * Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)3
 * Self history of endometrial and/or breast cancer6
 * Inherited genetic mutation of inactivation of adenomatous polypois coli (APC) and p53
 * APC – a tumor suppressor gene
 * Inherited non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
 * <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">HNPCC – Lynch syndrome2
 * <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Autosomal dominant disorder that causes the mutation of APC
 * <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">FAP, Gardner’s and Turcot’s syndrome1
 * <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mutation in the ras-proto-oncogene
 * <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mutation in gene encoding enzymes that repair DNA replication errors4 ||
 * Signs & Symptoms: || Detection and Diagnosis ||
 * Diagnostic Procedures: || Detection and Diagnosis ||
 * Histology: ||  ||
 * Lymph Node Drainage: ||  ||
 * Metastatic Spread: ||  ||
 * Grading: ||  ||
 * Staging: || Name the system
 * Radiation Side Effects: || Side effects, Dse and time frame ||
 * Prognosis: ||  ||
 * Treatments: || Surgery, Chemotherapy, and Radiation Therapy
 * TD5/5: || of organs of interest within treatement field ||